Some people think that starting a double-glazed window manufacturing business doesn’t require much. It is enough to purchase wood and fittings and arrange the room. It is possible, as some believe, to purchase inexpensive equipment for the production of wooden euro-windows. But this is not entirely true: in order to have stable income, it is necessary not only to ensure high quality products, but also to work according to a certain technological process.

Profiles

In Russia, as in others European countries, the most widely used windows are “German type”. They have a drainage profile in the lower part of the frame, rotary or tilt-and-turn fittings along the folds of the sashes, two contours of rubber seals and a double-glazed window. The most common sizes of wooden profiles are 68x80 and 78x86 millimeters.

Equipment

The technology for the production of wooden euro-windows involves their production on milling machines. In some cases, a corner window center is also used. The first option is more economical. Equipment for the production of wooden euro-windows can be divided into two categories: main and auxiliary.

The first includes drying chambers with a hydraulic press or weim and planing equipment. The second type of equipment includes equipment used in the creation and processing of wooden blanks. These are the machines:

Calibrating profiles;

Grinding type ShLPS;

Milling cutters for the production of wooden euro-windows.

The main materials for such windows are ash, pine and oak. Self-production It is advisable to use timber only when it is possible to purchase cheap raw materials, saw them, as well as dry and press them.

This technological process is considered quite troublesome, so for small volumes of orders it is easier to buy timber. For the manufacture of window parts it is necessary to draw up a specification for the workpieces, and then run the profiles on a milling machine.

Selection of machines

The most common today is domestic equipment for the production of wooden euro-windows. These are FSSH-1A milling machines, although some prefer to use Chinese models such as “Corvette”, “JET” or “Enkor”. When choosing, the main parameters should be weight and power. In this case, it is advisable to buy milling machines with a carriage and a cast bed. In addition, you need to purchase a set of cutters for making windows.

In order to save money, some people opt for a technique that does not have a tenoning group, and therefore assemble parts using a dovetail. But in this case, you need to take into account that at a forty-five degree angle you can only connect workpieces with identical profiles.

Wood processing machines

If a manufacturer plans to work only on individual requests and exclusive forms, it will be quite enough for him to only have such equipment for the production of wooden euro windows as an angular processing center.

This unit allows, without replacing the working tool, to perform operations on forming tenons and eyes, “cutting” beams along the length, milling longitudinal profiles, regardless of their sizes and configurations. The main requirement for wood is compliance with established standards.

Types of profiles and features of their processing

The most common profile for the production of wooden euro-windows is laminated veneer lumber. Its main advantages are low cost, high strength, and resistance to deformation. Moreover, from ordinary deciduous or coniferous species, as well as especially valuable ones - eucalyptus, meranti, etc. - frames are made mainly at the request of the customer. They are too expensive and difficult to process, so it is usually not profitable for the manufacturer to put these materials on stream.

Production technology

The first stage in production is drying the wood, which first removes capillary moisture. On modern production this process is controlled by a computer that reads all the features of the species and the thickness of the lumber. After drying, timber production follows. Wooden window profiles are made either from solid wood or using layer gluing technology.

The next stage is the transformation of wooden beams into window profiles with a given cross-section and shape, as well as a selection of grooves. The quality of the processed surface is characterized by minimal roughness. High purity and precise geometry are obtained in the process of milling the rock using high-tech woodworking equipment. It is quite expensive and requires highly qualified personnel.

Special wood processing is considered one of important conditions to extend the service life of Euro windows. It involves impregnation, then priming and painting.

Peculiarities

The most common mistake among many beginning manufacturers is their desire to buy an inexpensive machine for the production of wooden euro-windows. This is wrong, since accuracy in determining dimensions and quality requirements for workpieces force us to think differently about this issue.

In any case, those who have been working in this market for a long time believe that they cannot do without specialized processing machines. These are, for example, centers such as LGC-1000, designed to produce up to a thousand square meters of products per month.

Price

Complete equipment for the production of wooden euro-windows is estimated at an average of one million rubles. The set includes two machines - profiling and tenoning.

In addition to them, production requires several more units of additional equipment, starting with a pneumatic guillotine and ending with a window holder.

There are also requirements for the size of the workshop premises, the area of ​​which should not be less than four hundred square meters.

To ensure that a wooden Euro window in the interior looks like real “furniture” and is truly of high quality, it is manufactured using expensive German equipment from M.Weinig AG, which is today a recognized leader in the market.

Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education

Ural Forestry University

Department of Technology and Equipment for Timber Industry

Course project

Discipline: “Technology of forest processing industries”

Completed by: Prozorov I O

Group: LEF-31

Checked by: Dobrachev A.A.

Ekaterinburg 2013

Introduction

Section 1. General information about windows

1 Purpose of the manufactured product. Manufacturing program

2 Components of a wooden window. Window frame types, designs

3 Classification and symbols

Section 2. Manufacturing technology

1 General window manufacturing technology

2 Justification for choosing equipment

3 Calculation of equipment performance

Section 3. Demand for woodworking workers

Section 4. Selection of materials

Section 5. Safety precautions at woodworking enterprises

Introduction

A modern window is complex engineering design, to which very high demands are placed and on which the comfort and design of housing or industrial premises largely depends. Architects need windows that add beauty to the building, let in plenty of light, and meet building requirements. Heating engineers will appreciate windows with good thermal insulation, tight-fitting sashes, which, at the same time, can be easily opened for ventilation. Residents dream of inexpensive, heat-saving, easy-to-clean windows that protect against noise and protect against burglary.

Based on the type of material, windows are divided into plastic, wood, aluminum, and wood-aluminum. Moreover, each of the above types of windows has its own scope, and its inherent advantages and disadvantages.

Plastic windows - ideal for glazing offices, shop windows, industrial areas, and others non-residential premises. They have low cost and require virtually no maintenance. Disadvantages include the inconsistency of the structures used with the climatic conditions of our region, low environmental friendliness and aesthetics.

Aluminum windows - the main area of ​​application is industrial premises, design of facades of public and other non-residential buildings, as well as shopping pavilions. Among the advantages, one can note the almost unlimited durability of such structures, the possibility of glazing large areas, etc., but such windows are, as a rule, not used in residential premises.

Wooden windows are most widespread in housing construction. Advantages wooden windows: good thermal insulation properties, environmental friendliness and beautiful appearance (here we are talking about windows of modern design: triple glazing, high-quality materials and high manufacturing technologies).

The disadvantage of wooden windows is their susceptibility to the negative influence of the atmosphere, which is especially important in cities, and as a result, the need to repair and paint them quite often. However, with the advent of modern paints and varnishes, this ceases to be a problem - windows retain their original appearance and strength throughout their entire service life.

Section 1. General information about windows

.1 Purpose of the manufactured product. Manufacturing program

The main purpose of windows is building element buildings - serve as a source natural light and ventilation of premises. Along with this, windows play a vital role in creating the artistic appearance and interior of a modern building, in shaping the external structure of the facade and comfort in the premises.

In the Russian Federation, in the context of large-scale construction, modern architecture makes a number of requirements for the quality and appearance of products, the main one of which is to provide convenience to people.

As a building envelope, windows play an important role in the economics of construction, making up a significant part of the total cost of a building (up to 10%), and also having a major impact on the thermal performance of buildings and, ultimately, on the cost of equipment and operation of the heating system.

Windows must respond modern level development of construction equipment and architecture, sanitary and hygienic requirements that ensure normal human life in work and leisure, as well as the level of technology and culture of woodworking and construction production.

Hence the basic requirements that windows must satisfy are the following:

· their appearance must correspond to the general character of the architecture and reflect the functional purpose of the building;

· the size of the windows must provide an appropriate level of illumination of the premises, taking into account their width, depth and height;

· the structure (opening system and ventilation method, amount of glazing, level of sealing) must correspond to the climatic and operational conditions in which the building is located;

· the design of windows must meet technological requirements and standardization conditions, as well as construction requirements for their use;

· quality must meet the requirements of norms and standards regarding humidity, grade and defects of wood, precision of processing of elements, surface finishing, protection from the effects of biological and climatic conditions during storage, transportation, construction and operation.

The constant increase in construction volumes and the development of construction technology in our country have changed the structure of window fillings.

Instead of the relatively recently used two separate window frames, embedded in the opening with the installation of plaster “plugs” between them, followed by adjustment and hanging of window frames, in modern industrial construction for filling window openings They use ready-made window blocks with internal and external sashes hung in a common box.

Interests in increasing the level of prefabrication of buildings using modern construction methods with a predominance of installation of enlarged elements and the use of powerful lifting mechanisms require constant improvement of the factory readiness of all products, including window units. Recently, window blocks began to be supplied to construction embedded in panels of external walls, glazed and finally finished.

The sealing of window blocks into openings of brick or block walls in difficult construction conditions (often at very low outside temperatures) in modern prefabricated housing construction has been replaced by filling window openings in panels at house-building enterprises and factories of reinforced concrete products in normal workshop conditions. This guarantees high quality work and the effectiveness of protective measures against freezing and blowing through window openings.

Modern architecture of residential and public buildings is characterized by a large pattern of wide window sashes with solid glass, which give the buildings lightness, fill them with an abundance of light and air, and connect the interior of the room with the surrounding nature.

The most important requirements for window units are in terms of illumination, heat protection and convenience of room ventilation.

The illumination of the premises is determined by the size of the opening, the shape of the window and the pattern of the frame.

Processing and finishing must guarantee the durability of window blocks, their strong resistance against atmospheric influences, maximum tightness to prevent air permeability, which reduces heat-protective qualities.

Table 1

Manufacturing program

Name of product		Product output per year	Total consumption wood, m 3
Wooden window

1.2 Components of a wooden window. Window frame types, designs

Window - element of wall or roofing structure, intended for message interior spaces with the surrounding space, natural lighting of the premises, their ventilation, protection from atmospheric and noise influences and consisting of a window opening with slopes, a window block, a system for sealing assembly seams, window sill boards, drainage parts and cladding.

The frame structure (element) of a window block is an assembly unit of a window block, consisting of bars (profiles) connected to each other by means of rigid corner connections: with spikes and glue, welding, mechanical connections (screw, on toothed plates, by welding), etc. .

The window block is a translucent structure designed for natural lighting of the room, its ventilation and protection from atmospheric and noise influences.

The window block consists of assembly units: frames and sash elements, built-in ventilation systems and may include a number of additional elements: blinds, shutters, etc.

Rice. 1. Types of window frames, designs

a - left-hand opening window blocks; b - window blocks of right opening; c - non-opening window unit; d - window blocks of symmetrical opening

Window frame:

) a translucent structure with a complex weave, usually used for glazing verandas.

) a multi-tiered window structure consisting of mullions, crossbars, crossbars, etc., in a cell in which double-glazed windows, sashes, frames, and window blocks are installed.

An example of a wooden window frame for glazing a veranda; b - an example of a metal frame with different types of filling the structure: 1 - double-glazed windows; 2 - non-opening sash (or glazed box); 3 - opening (hinged) door; 4 - window blocks; 5 - frame

Window opening options:

· hinged - the doors (leaves) rotate around vertical axis;

· suspended - the doors rotate around the upper horizontal axis; ;

· hinged - the doors rotate around the lower horizontal axis;

· tilt and turn - the doors (leaves) rotate around the vertical and horizontal lower axis;

· mid-rotation - the doors rotate around the average vertical or average horizontal axis;

· sliding - the doors (leaves) move horizontally;

· lifting - the doors move in a vertical position;

combined - combination various types openings in one product.

.3 Classification and symbols

Windows are classified according to the following criteria:

materials of frame elements;

· options for filling the translucent part;

· purpose;

· design options;

· architectural drawing;

main operational characteristics. The first two signs refer to the characteristics of the type of product.

Based on the materials of frame elements, products are divided into:

· wooden;

· polyvinyl chloride;

· made of aluminum alloys;

· steel;

· fiberglass;

· combined (wood-aluminum, wood-polyvinyl-chloride, etc.)

According to the options for filling the translucent part of the product, they are divided into:

· with sheet glass;

· with double-glazed windows;

· with sheet glass and double-glazed windows.

The main options for filling the translucent part of window blocks are shown in Figure 1.

According to their intended purpose, products are divided into those intended for use in residential, public, industrial and other types of buildings and structures.

Products are classified according to design options:

by design type: single, twin, separate, separate-pair;

by number of rows of glazing:

· With single glazing(for unheated rooms);

· With double glazing;

· with triple glazing;

· with quadruple glazing;

by the number of sashes in one row of glazing:

· single-leaf;

· double-leaf;

· multi-leaf;

in the direction of opening the doors:

· inside the premises;

· out;

· double-sided opening;

· left opening;

· symmetrical opening;

according to the methods of opening the doors:

with swing opening - with the sash rotating around the vertical extreme axis;

· suspended - with rotation of the sash around the upper extreme axis;

· folding - with rotation of the sash around the lower extreme axis;

· tilt and turn - with rotation of the sash around the vertical and lower extreme axes;

· medium-rotary - with rotation of the sash around a horizontal or vertical axis, offset from the edge of the sash;

· sliding - with horizontal movement of the doors;

· lifting - with movement of the sash in a vertical plane;

· combined - with the combination of different types of sash openings in one design;

· not opening;

depending on the glazed elements:

· with glazed sash elements;

· with glazed boxes;

· with combined glazing;

on the design of devices for ventilation and regulation of the temperature and humidity conditions of the room:

· with windows;

· with doors with tilting (tilt-and-turn) adjustable opening;

· with transoms;

· with valve flaps;

· With ventilation valves;

· with climate valves;

· with self-ventilation systems;

according to the design solutions of the sash vestibules:

· with an impost porch;

· with an impost-free (shtulpovy) vestibule;

according to the number and location of sealing contours in the vestibules:

· with one sealing circuit (for unheated rooms);

· with middle and inner seal;

· with external and internal sealing; with external, internal and middle seal;

· by type corner connections:

· non-separable (adhesive, welded, pressed, etc.);

· collapsible (with mechanical connections).

According to architectural drawings, products are divided into:

· rectangular;

· figured (triangular, polygonal, arched, round, oval, etc.);

· with decorative bindings;

· with a complex pattern (for example, arched with slab binding).

a - single window unit with one glass;

b - single window block with single-chamber double-glazed windows;

c - single window block with double-glazed windows;

d - paired window unit with double glazing;

d - paired window unit with glass and double-glazed windows;

e - separate window block with double glazing;

g - separate-paired window unit with triple glazing;

h - separate window block with glass and single-chamber double-glazed windows;

and - separate window unit with glass and double-glazed windows;

k - separate window block with two double-glazed windows

The main types of window block designs are shown in Figure 1.

Examples of vestibule assemblies with different numbers and locations of seals are shown in Figure 2. Examples of medium (impost and impost-free) vestibule assemblies with a double seal are shown in Figure 3.

Examples of architectural designs of window and balcony door units are shown in Figures 4, 5. Products are classified according to their main performance characteristics: reduced heat transfer resistance, air and water permeability, sound insulation, total light transmittance, wind load resistance, resistance to climatic influences. According to the reduced resistance to heat transfer, products are divided into classes:

table 2

	With resistance	heat transfer	0.80 m 2 .S/W

Note - Products with heat transfer resistance below 0.35 m 2 / W; the class is not assigned.

Rice. 4. Examples of rebate assemblies with different numbers and locations of seals

a - design with two middle seals; b - design with middle and internal seals; c - design with two middle and inner seals; d - design with external and internal seals; d - design with middle and internal seals; e - design with outer, middle and inner seals

Rice. 5. Examples of units of medium (impost and non-impost) narthexes with double sealing - vertical impost-free (ppulytovoy) and impost-only narthexes of a wooden window block; b - horizontal impostor of a wooden window block; c - impost narthex of a window block made of PVC profiles; d - assembly of the impost connection between the opening sash and the glazed frame; d - impost narthex of an aluminum alloy window block

Rice. 6. Examples of architectural drawings of rectangular window and balcony door blocks

a, b, c, d, e, f, g - examples of designs of window blocks 15M in height; h, i - design of single-floor balcony door blocks of size 22-7; to - the same, on an individual order: with slab binding and solid panel; l - examples of the design of a double-floor balcony door block with double transom for public buildings, size 28-18 window frame material woodworking

Rice. 7. Examples of architectural drawings of figured window blocks and window blocks with complex patterns

a - round non-opening window block; b - semi-oval window block with hinged opening; c - semicircular window block with hinged opening; g - triangular window block with hinged opening; d - trapezoidal swing single-leaf window block; e - semi-arched single-leaf window block with tilt-and-turn opening; g - arched double-leaf window block with tilting and swing opening sashes and a non-opening transom; h - a three-leaf window block with a combined opening, a window, a non-opening sash and a non-opening semi-oval transom; and - an arched single-leaf window block with a tilt-and-turn opening of the sash with a sash frame and an opening transom.

General design requirements

Window units must comply with the requirements of this standard, standards for specific types of products and be manufactured according to design and technological documentation approved in the prescribed manner.

The products consist of frame elements (frames, sashes, canvases, windows, transoms). Corner joints of frame elements are connected using tenons and glue, welding, mechanical connections or other methods. Structural solutions for corner joints are given in the standards for specific types of products.

As the translucent part of the products, sheet glass is used in accordance with GOST 111, double-glazed windows in accordance with GOST 24866 or regulatory documentation, approved in accordance with the established procedure (hereinafter - ND).

The design of products must provide for the possibility of installing at least two contours of sealing gaskets in the recesses (for products intended for use in unheated rooms, it is allowed to use structures with one row of sealing gaskets).

The design of window units must make it possible to replace glass, double-glazed units, window devices, and sealing gaskets without compromising the integrity of the product parts.

The requirements of this standard provide for the manufacture of window blocks with an area not exceeding 6.0 m, while the area of ​​the opening elements should not exceed 2.5 m.

The estimated weight of opening sashes (leaves) should not exceed, as a rule, 80 kg.

Architectural drawings of window units are established in the design documentation or in the order for the manufacture of specific products.

The use of non-opening sashes in window blocks of premises of residential buildings above the first floor is not allowed, except for sashes with dimensions not exceeding 400x800 mm, as well as in products facing balconies (loggias) if such structures have devices for ventilation of the premises. The possibility of using non-opening sash elements of window units in other types of premises is installed in project documentation for construction.

Hinged opening elements of products for residential buildings must open into the room. Opening to the outside is allowed in products facing balconies (loggias) or installed in rooms on the first floor.

In buildings for other purposes, the possibility of opening the doors outward should be established in the design documentation, while in casement elements, it is recommended to use tempered glass in accordance with GOST 30698.

Products must be safe to use and maintain.

Safety requirements for the use of products are established in the design documentation (for example, tempered glass according to GOST 30698, etc.).

In order to increase the resistance of products to unauthorized influences, the design of products may include screw handles equipped with locks of class 1-2 in accordance with GOST 5089, reinforced locking devices, additional fasteners in corner joints, tempered glass with a thickness of 4 to 8 mm in accordance with GOST 30698.

Products must be equipped with window fittings and hinges to ensure reliable operation. The largest permissible distances between the locking points of devices and hinges are established in the RD for specific types of products.

In the design of window units, it is recommended to use hinges that provide adjustment of gaps in the rebate, opening clamps that allow you to adjust the opening angle of the sash elements (including in the position of slot ventilation), and pads to level the gaps in the rebate.

With the tilt-and-turn opening method, the design of the opening devices should include protection against erroneous actions when switching the product from the sash opening mode to the ventilation mode and back, as well as the installation of a sash opening angle limiter.

Section 2. Manufacturing technology

.1 General window manufacturing technology

Three-layer laminated timber has higher strength compared to solid timber of the same section. The frame thickness recommended by experts is 78 mm; all knots, resin pockets, and irregularities are removed before gluing. Although the equipment allows us to produce windows from solid timber. The basis of the complex is the automated window processing center LGC-1000. It consists of two independent machines: tenoning and profiling. The tenon cutting machine is designed for trimming European window blanks and milling tenons and lugs. The profiling machine is designed for milling the internal profile of parts of frames and sashes, as well as the external profile of assembled frames and sashes of euro-windows. Both machines are equipped with multi-position spindles, allowing you to quickly feed the required set of tools into the processing zone.

Glued blanks arrive at the processing center fully calibrated in cross-section. The blanks arrive at the tenoning block, where they are trimmed and tenoned on both sides. All studded parts of the sashes are profiled with inside under the double glazed window. After this, the sash parts are sent for assembly. Next, the box parts are profiled, and they are also sent for assembly.

The doors and frames assembled with glue are fed into the assembly frame, where they are glued together. After technological exposure, they again enter the profiling unit, where their external profiling is carried out.

Table 3

Composition of window production workshop equipment

	Name of equipment		Power, kWt	Technological operation
	Window processing center LGC - 1000			Fixing and profiling parts of sashes and window frames
	Pneumatic press VPS-100			Assembly of frames and window sashes
	Painting camera KE-2000			Frame painting
	Milling machine F-4			Milling parts
	Cross-cutting machine TsPA-40			Rough trimming of timber into blanks
	Drilling and grooving machine SVPG-1I			Milling grooves for installing crossbars
	Horizontal belt sanding machine SLPS-6			Sanding assembled frames and sashes
	Milling and tenoning machine FSS-15			Profiling parts

Necessary small-scale mechanization tools for the window manufacturing area:

1. Compressor high pressure for painting windows.

2. Pneumatic tools for driving nails (when attaching the bead to the sash).

Pneumatic tools for siliconizing.

Pneumoguillotine (for trimming the drainage exactly to size).

Electric drills for installing fittings and for assembling windows.

Electric screwdriver for installing accessories (2 pcs.).

Grinding machines (2-3 pcs.).

Tables for pre-assembly of windows.

Tables for intermediate sanding and puttying of windows during painting.

Special window holders for arrangement and storage of windows after each technological operation

2.2 Justification for choosing equipment

Cross-cutting machine model "TsPA-40"

The machine is designed for cross-cutting boards, beams and panels made of coniferous and deciduous wood. The machine has a solid cast frame, which is also a hydraulic tank, with a support moving along steel guides, a hydraulic cylinder and a separate electrical cabinet.

Stepless adjustment of the speed of movement of the saw allows the operator to trim at an angle of 45°. The machine is controlled from a separate push-button remote control, located in a convenient place for maintenance. Unit assembly ensures maximum ease of maintenance and repair of the machine.

Technical specifications

Dimensions of processed material no more than, mm:
Thickness
Naib. diameter of installed saws, mm
Spindle attachment diameter, mm
Number of double saw strokes per minute
Cutting speed, m/s
Number of electric motors, pcs.
Electric/motor power, kW
Dimensions, mm
Weight, kg

The SVPG-1I drilling and grooving machine is designed for making grooves and drilling holes in wood products in small-scale production. The frame of the SVPG-1I drilling and grooving machine is a welded box-shaped one on which the work table and the drilling and grooving device are mounted. The workpiece is fixed on the work table using a cam clamp and a stop-limiter. The drilling and grooving unit includes a spindle and a moving mechanism. Longitudinal-transverse movement is carried out due to a special cross table, and lifting and lowering is carried out due to the rotation of the flywheel. Clamp cutting tool in the spindle is carried out using a set of collets.

Technical characteristics of the SVPG1I drilling and slotting machine

Horizontal belt sanding machine SLPS-6

Designed for horizontal sanding of wooden block parts, furniture and carpentry panels using a moving sanding belt.

Specifications

1. Length of processed workpieces, mm up to 2600

Sanding belt speed, m/sec 14

Sanding belt width, mm up to 160

Manual feeding method

Drum diameter, mm 155

Electric motor characteristics:

power, kW 1.5

speed, rpm 1500

Table parameters:

size work surface table, mm 2600x860

vertical movement, mm 160

horizontal movement, mm 930 8. Power supply:

Type of current: alternating 3-phase

current frequency, Hz 50

voltage, V 380

Dimensions:

length, mm 3360

width, mm 1800

height, mm 1490

Machine weight, kg 430

Milling and tenoning machineFSS-15

Designed for milling straight and curved surfaces, as well as for cutting tenons and lugs in wooden parts.

Specifications

1. Maximum cutter diameter (above the table), mm 250

. Diameter of hole in table, mm 225

. Table dimensions, mm 1000x420

. Carriage dimensions, mm 1000x280

. Manual feeding method

. Vertical spindle travel, mm 150

. Carriage stroke, mm 860

. Electric motor power, kW 3

. Spindle speed, rpm 4000;

. Power supply:

Type of current: alternating 3-phase

current frequency, Hz 50

voltage, V 380

. Dimensions:

length, mm 1000

width, mm700

height, mm 1120

. Machine weight, kg 520

.3 Calculation of equipment performance

Cross-cutting machine TsPA-40

where: T cm - shift time, 480 min;

K d - work time, equal to 0.85;

n - number of cuts per minute n - 7 - 12;

a - length multiplicity for part length ≤ 500 mm;

b - multiple in width for part width ≤ 50 mm

Drilling and grooving machine SVPG-1I

Where: T cm - shift time, 480 min;

K d - working time, equal to 0.9;

K m - machine time, equal to 0.6;

t c - cycle time, 2 min;

m - the number of maternity cuts of one workpiece, equal to 1-2.

Horizontal belt sanding machine SLPS-6

,

where: T cm - shift time, 480 min;

K d - working time, equal to 0.9;

K m - machine time, equal to 0.9;

U - feed speed, 20 m/min;

i is the number of simultaneously processed workpieces;

m - the number of passes through the machine, equal to 1-3;

A - length of the iron, equal to 0.3;

L - grinding length, m;

c - the number of sides being processed is 1-2;

g - coefficient of overlap of moves, equal to 1.5;

B - part width, m

Milling and tenoning machineFSS-15

where Tcm is shift time, 480 min;

Kd - working time, equal to 0.8-0.9;

Km - machine time, equal to 0.8-0.9;

U - feed speed, 9 m/min;

B - part width, m

C - number of sides processed

Pneumatic clamp VPS-100

where T cm - shift time, 480 min;

K d - working time, equal to 0.85-0.9;

t c - cycle time, 2 min.

Table 4

Summary table of equipment performance of the designed workshop option

Section 3. Demand for woodworking workers

The number of workers ensuring the work of the workshop is determined by technological process. Data on the number of workers servicing the workshop equipment are summarized in the table below

Table 5

Number of workers in the woodworking workshop

Section 4. Selection of materials

The initial data for the calculation are established on the basis of the following documents:

· Technical requirements to products;

· Design drawings and products;

· GOST, OST, TU for materials;

· Developed technological modes and product manufacturing processes;

· Approved standard indicators for the use of materials;

For the manufacture of windows, edged softwood lumber, paints and adhesives, sanding belts, fittings and hardware, and packaging materials are used.

The development of individual standards for the consumption of materials was carried out in accordance with the methods set out in the “Guide technical materials for standardizing the consumption of basic and auxiliary materials in the production of joinery and construction products”, VNIIDrev.

The results of calculating the amount of materials required for the manufacture of windows are presented in Table 6.

Table 6

Feedstock: softwood lumber GOST 8486-86

	the name of detail		Material	Clean wood volume m3	Area of ​​other materials, m2	Annual issue
	Horizontal box block
	Vertical box block
	Horizontal transom bar
	Vertical transom bar
	Transom glass
	Horizontal bar of sash
	Vertical bar of the sash
	Sash glass
	Double glazing

Table 7

Other materials:
	Synthetic glue based on PVAD
	paints and varnishes: varnish, enamel
	Sanding belt based on GOST 5009-82 No. 25-16
	Silicone sealant		Sealant
	Tilt and turn hardware kit		Set
	Thermal insulation seal		Sealant
	Gaskets for glass units		Gaskets
	Polyethylene packaging film
	Tape - adhesive tape

Section 5. Safety precautions at woodworking enterprises

Safety precautions when working on woodworking machines.

Before starting work, the operator must undergo introductory training general issues safety precautions at the enterprise and initial instruction on safety rules in the workplace. In addition, workers must periodically undergo repeated industrial safety training every three months.

The results of the briefing with assessment of knowledge of safety rules are recorded in a special journal. The worker is given a memo or instruction on safety rules developed at the enterprise.

Before operating the machine, you must study the operating instructions for the machine, as well as the operating instructions for cutting and measuring tools.

Adjustment and configuration of equipment should be performed only with the input switch turned off. While work is being carried out at the machine, a sign with the inscription “Adjustment in progress” must be displayed in a visible place. All metal parts of the machine are grounded.

Before starting work, you need to put your work clothes in order: button up or tie the ends of the sleeves, remove the hanging ends of the robe, cover your hair with a hat.

It is not allowed to clutter workplaces, passages, approaches to machines, mechanisms and electrical equipment with waste or finished parts. The workplace must be prepared in accordance with the requirements of the technology for performing operations.

It is prohibited to feed workpieces into the machine whose dimensions are larger or smaller than those provided for by the technological process. Do not pick up or pass any objects through the machine while it is running. While the machine is operating, it is not allowed to open or remove guards and safety devices, tighten bolts, nuts, etc. When working on machines with high noise levels, you should use by individual means noise protection.

Do not push the material being processed into the machine with your hands or metal objects. It is prohibited to measure the workpiece while the machine is running.

If vibration occurs, the machine should be turned off, check the reliability of the tool fastening and the quality of its balancing.

Belts should be removed from pulleys and put on them, and tool guards should be unlocked only after the rotating parts have completely stopped.

Do not use files, scrapers or other tools without wooden handles or with defective handles. The surface of the handles should be smooth, evenly cleaned, without cracks or burrs. When working with heavy loads, the worker must know and strictly follow the safety rules for slingers. You must not be in the range of forklifts or in places over which loads are moving.

Fire safety

Fires at woodworking enterprises mainly occur as a result of irregular and careless cleaning of premises, improper handling of electrical installations, failure to comply with the rules for storing flammable materials and smoking in prohibited areas.

Woodworking shops contain a large amount of flammable materials: wood waste, shavings, wood chips, boards, varnishes, paints, etc. Wood dust is explosive and its accumulation on workplaces, machine elements, electric motors and heating radiators is unacceptable.

If a fire occurs, you must urgently call the fire brigade by calling 01 or using the fire detector and, before the fire brigade arrives, take measures to extinguish the fire using available fire extinguishing means.

To prevent fires in workshops and workplaces, the following fire safety rules must be strictly observed.

All electrical wires must be carefully insulated, electrical devices and electric motors must be grounded and protected from contact with foreign objects. At the end of work and during a break, the electric drive must be turned off and the supply lines de-energized.

Smoking and operations that may cause sparks or open flames are prohibited in workshops and workplaces.

It is necessary to systematically remove wood dust and shavings from equipment elements, electric motors and electrical wiring.

It is prohibited to dry work clothes, timber and other flammable items on heating, industrial and heating stoves. Workplaces where available increased danger fire, must be equipped with fire extinguishers, sand boxes and water containers.

It is not allowed to work on grinding machines with the exhaust ventilation turned off.

Used cleaning materials, ends, rags, etc., soaked in kerosene, gasoline, oils and other flammable substances, must be placed in special metal boxes with lids. Above the location where the boxes are installed there should be the inscription “Box for Wiping Ends.”

Nitro paints, varnishes and other chemicals are stored in special isolated rooms or in cabinets and drawers.

Stock liquid fuel, lubricants and flammable liquids located in the work area should not exceed daily consumption. They need to be stored only in special tightly closed metal containers, which, after finishing work, are placed in locked metal boxes or cabinets.

Wood is an environmentally friendly natural material that is used to create windows and other wooden structures. IN modern construction Euro wooden windows are very popular. The material preserves the natural beauty of the product, gives the room warmth and comfort. In addition to all the main advantages, this material has an increased service life.

Advantages of wooden euro windows

Wooden structures have a number of very significant advantages over artificial materials:

The environmental properties of the material are not inferior to plastic frames. The trees used in production are carefully selected and grown in specially designated areas. Each company strives to achieve compliance with GOST, and also presents its own individual requirements. Before assembly, wooden beams are treated with environmentally friendly solutions that protect the material from aging and exposure to natural factors;

. Repair and reconstruction of euro wooden windows is much easier than repair of plastic frames. The risk of cracks and chips is also minimized;

Windows manufactured according to the Euro standard have high thermal insulation properties, incomparable with plastic products. Low thermal conductivity prevents condensation from forming;

Modern wooden euro windows have improved sound insulation properties. Sound protection parameters depend on the quality of the seal and the glass unit. Windows manufactured according to European standards have double-glazed windows, which is superior to the previous generation of wooden products;

Wooden structures have high properties air exchange, they normalize the amount of oxygen in the room and maintain a natural level of humidity. The material has small pores throughout its structure, which promotes the natural exchange of moisture and oxygen. Applying special solutions to the window frame does not in any way affect the wood’s ability to “breathe”;

Euro wooden windows are much more resistant to fire than plastic. During possible combustion, wood does not emit toxic fumes and acid gases. In addition, Euro structures are equipped with fire-resistant glass, which in the event of a fire can prevent its spread for up to 90 minutes;

Wooden structures also have for a long time operation and increased reliability. Euro windows are resistant to temperature changes, their painting is made from high quality material.

Paints are made on the basis of water solvents, which affects their ability to transmit water vapor. The color quality is not lost even under the influence of ultraviolet radiation.

Types of wood for making euro-windows

An important point is that wooden windows are made from high quality material. In the production process the following are most often used:

Red tree;
. Oak;
. Pine;
. Larch.

Each type of wood has its own individual characteristics. For example, mahogany is considered an elite variety, the use of which is quite rare. It is lightweight, highly resistant to rotting factors and has natural protection against moisture. It is considered one of the most expensive types of wood, so not every consumer can afford to purchase windows made of such material.
Oak is strong and reliable look wood, which is often used in the manufacture of euro windows. It is believed that this type of wood enhances its qualities over time. The windows have a spectacular and solid appearance.

Pine has high density. Windows made from this variety are valued for their quality. The main advantage is the appearance of the product and long service life. In addition, wooden structures made from this material are more affordable than products made from the above types of wood.

The most affordable option The wood is considered to be larch. This type of Euro windows is in great demand due to its high resistance to natural influences and aesthetic appearance.

Equipment for the production of wooden windows

The quality of the product is influenced not only by the type of wood, but also by the equipment used for production. There is a basic and auxiliary equipment. The main ones include:

Dryers with hydraulic press;
. Planing machines.

Auxiliary equipment is necessary in order to produce wooden blanks and carry out their subsequent processing. This includes:

Grinding machine;
. Calibrating machine;
. Milling machine.

To produce euro windows that have high-quality characteristics, expensive equipment is usually used. Such machines have necessary parameters, and also have sufficient power and weight. Therefore, saving on equipment can negatively affect the performance of the window frame.

Eurowindow production technology

According to the technology, wooden European structures are produced in several stages:

Manufacturing of timber;
. Timber processing;
. Window frame assembly;
. Fastening of accessories;
. Installation of double-glazed windows and their sealing;

At the first stage of production, the wooden slats are dried and prepared. After which they are glued together in three layers. The result should be a three-layer laminated timber.

It is believed that a high-quality timber is produced when the annual rings of the tree in the adjacent lamellas are directed in the opposite direction.

At the second stage, drying and processing of the finished timber is carried out. Using a milling machine you can make various shapes window blank. The assembly of the Euro design box is carried out under the careful supervision of specialists. After this, the wooden boxes are puttied, primed and coated with clear varnish or painted.

Such work is aimed at protecting the material from the appearance of mold and mildew, increasing water-repellent properties, and maintaining the natural appearance of the product. After the wooden boxes have passed the processing stage, fittings are installed according to the customer’s chosen sample.

The final stage is the installation of seals and double-glazed windows. The sealing material is thermoplastic elastomer and is capable of maintaining elasticity under different conditions. temperature conditions(from -65 to +85 degrees). Seals of this type provide high tightness. The material is able to restore its shape even after being compressed for a long time.

Wooden window structures can have single-chamber or double-glazed windows. It is also possible to order energy-saving and tinted glass from the manufacturer. Additionally, you can order internal sprockets as a decorative element.

The production of European window structures, subject to technology, will ensure quality, high strength and reliability of the products. Such designs will serve for many years.

The Comfort Windows company has its own production facilities, which allows it to fulfill orders for wooden windows of any complexity and offer you

• optimal prices on windows made of laminated veneer lumber;
• Consistently high quality workmanship;
• efficiency of production and delivery, bypassing intermediaries.

The average production time for windows according to drawings obtained on the basis of measurements taken from the customer is 15 days.

During production, we guarantee strict adherence to technical conditions and procedures for working with wood, ensuring the required quality, stability of dimensions and shapes and durability window design. The manufacturing material is high-quality laminated veneer lumber, which demonstrates high performance properties even in the most difficult climatic conditions.

Making windows from wood: timber

In our company, when manufacturing wooden windows, we use timber from solid pine, oak and larch. To produce laminated veneer lumber, high-quality wood is selected, free of defects in the form of knots, chips, resin pockets or cracks, and dried using a special technology. To eliminate errors, it undergoes special pre-processing. To produce the frame, the core of the tree is taken - a stronger part that is less susceptible to rotting. Subsequently, the thin lamellas are glued in different directions into a durable and reliable timber, capable of maintaining the geometry and specified parameters of the window under any environmental conditions.

Wood window profile produced by joining two or more laminated veneer lumber with a glued tenon joint. Ready timber goes through a groove, after which it turns out structural element of a given shape and cross-section with grooves for fittings and seals.

In the production of luxury euro-windows made of wood, solid larch or oak timber is used. A more budget-friendly option is pine timber, spliced ​​from several parts. The products are equally durable, but windows made from solid timber look more aesthetically pleasing.

Carpentry work in the production of wooden euro-windows

At the next stage, the wooden profile is cut taking into account the dimensions of the specific window opening. From it, using tenon corner joints, the frame and sashes are formed for each window individually. The structure is then sanded. The impeccable appearance of perfectly smooth polished wood is achieved by careful manual processing (sharpening) of all elements. At the same stage, the slightest irregularities in the joining are eliminated.

Impregnation and priming of window structures made of natural wood ensures the material's resistance to weather conditions, high humidity, temperature changes and possible ignition. It also increases the biological resistance of wood, eliminating the appearance of fungus, mold and insect pests. With the help of impregnation, the wood acquires balanced humidity, reducing the risk of moisture penetration into the wood structure, and therefore the likelihood of drying out and cracking during operation. The primer improves the adhesive properties of the material and promotes uniform application. paint coatings and their reliable adhesion to the surface. The customer can independently choose the shade of the finishing coating, taking into account his taste, interior features and facade finishing.

The next stage of production is the installation of seals and window fittings into pre-created functional holes and channels. Our company works with reliable and high-quality fittings German-made ROTO, which guarantees durability of uninterrupted use of structures and special comfort of their operation. The customer first selects the method of opening the doors. They can be simple rotary, tilt-and-turn, transom or sliding, depending on the need, the specifics of the opening and the installation location. We offer our clients to choose any type of opening for wooden windows of various shapes.

Installation of double-glazed windows is the final stage of production of wooden windows. This is done at a special stand. The glass unit is placed in the frame and pressed with glazing beads.

If necessary, a window made of natural wood can be supplemented with an aluminum frame. Special metallic profile the outside will protect the frame from moisture, mechanical damage and other adverse influences. The color of the flashing is selected by the customer from a wide palette of RAL shades.

At the last stage, the assembly quality of the window structure is assessed by the quality control inspector. He checks the package with the order form and checks the window for compliance with quality requirements, as well as the utmost permissible deviations established by regulatory documentation.

Video: Production of wooden Euro-windows with double-glazed windows

Making windows from natural wood is a difficult task, accessible only to professionals. She does not tolerate even the slightest deviation from the standard. Therefore, at every stage - be it drying the wood, gluing, milling or painting - our company has strict quality control of the work.

Wooden windows - centuries-old tradition, to which we are accustomed. They add warmth to the interior of the house and create a unique comfort. They go well with furniture, doors and parquet, and convey classic sophistication and functionality.

Modern consumer, fed up standard windows PVC is increasingly making a choice in favor of wooden structures. That is why many companies engaged in translucent structures equip their production with additional equipment.

In our material we will tell you what causes this trend, what the production process of wooden euro-windows looks like and describe the set optimal equipment for their manufacture.

Advantages of wooden windows

First of all, they are reliable protect from noise, drafts and retain heat, regulate the level of humidity in the room. Secondly, they are noble and beautiful. Thirdly, they require minimal maintenance, durable(50 years or more). Finally, fourthly, they are resistant to harmful influences, fireproof.

Now let's take a closer look at the reasons for choosing wooden windows made from laminated veneer lumber.

Aesthetics- wooden windows add coziness, create a feeling of thoughtfulness of the interior and completeness of style when arranging your home.

Thermal protection- modern wooden designs window frames meet all requirements for thermal insulation, sound insulation and protection from precipitation.

Environmental friendliness- in case of fire, wood does not emit toxic gases, which cannot be said about plastic windows. Windows are painted with environmentally friendly water-soluble paints, and in almost any color.

Strength- wooden windows made of laminated veneer lumber are characterized by stability of shape and immunity to temperature influences. Laminated timber is 80% stronger and 40% stiffer than conventional solid timber.

Durability- with proper care, windows made from laminated veneer lumber are practically eternal.

Currently, windows are made from 4 types of wood, each of which has its own characteristics: larch (strong, waterproof, hypoallergenic), oak (durable, solid, very durable), wood-aluminum (reliable, durable, affordable combination ), made of pine (inexpensive, lightweight, vapor permeable).

Production technology

Making a wooden window is a labor-intensive and high-tech process. To obtain a high-quality design, we use the latest machines for wooden windows, high quality materials, as well as modern methods of working with wood.

The main material for windows nowadays is glued wooden beam . Its production technology guarantees the strength of the product and also makes it possible to avoid curvature of the frame and sashes. Why laminated veneer lumber and not solid wood? It's simple: he more resistant to deformation, he is not “led”.

In the production of wooden windows it is used three-layer glued timber. This makes the frame very durable. The thickness of the timber must be at least 78 mm. Otherwise wooden frame It will not be enough to protect the room from the cold. Also, the wood should not contain knots and wood core; the upper lamellas should be radial or semi-radial cut, which provides resistance to swelling from moisture.

A very important criterion is the quality of wood drying and its further processing. At high humidity the tree may be damaged. In order to avoid this, before painting, the material is treated with special protective primers, and then painted on water based, which, by the way, does not at all prevent the wood from “breathing” through its pores.

After drying and preparation, the timber is sawn into blanks and calibrated to ensure its specific cross-section. At this stage of production, tenon joints are made, which are necessary for further assembly of the structure. The internal profile for the double-glazed windows on the sashes is also milled. At the next stage, all components are assembled into boxes and doors. Now milled outer surface on the sashes - for fittings and sealing, and on the frames - for foam and under the window sill. After assembling the manufactured product and milling it, grinding occurs, which is done both on a machine and manually.

After painting and complete drying, the windows go to fittings department. At this stage of production, such necessary elements as hinges, fittings, seals, drainage sides and, of course, double-glazed windows are installed.

After connecting all the parts, the doors are assembled together in a box, hung on hinges. Then, the window is adjusted so that all its parts move correctly and easily.

Equipment

It takes a lot of work to get a quality product. In addition to the work of masters, it is necessary special equipment for the production of windows. Almost all stages take place on different machines. That is why the final result depends on correctly selected equipment.

The optimal area for a workshop for the production of wooden windows should be at least 15x30 m. Minimum composition equipment is as follows:

Basic equipment

Window machining center (eg. LGC-1000) for studding and profiling parts of sashes and window frames.

Optional equipment

Cutting tool for windows with a cross-section of 78x86 mm from 16 sets of cutters (for example, OMAS, Italy).
Tool kit for impost and balcony frame.
Pneumatic press (for example, VPS-100) for assembling frames and window sashes.
Spray booth (for example, KE-2000) for painting frames.
Cross-cutting machine for rough cutting of timber onto workpieces.
Horizontal drilling and grooving machine for milling grooves for the installation of horizontal and vertical crossbars.
Belt surface grinding machine for grinding assembled frames and sashes.

Necessary means of small-scale mechanization

High pressure compressor for painting windows.
Pneumatic tools for driving nails (when attaching a bead to a sash).
Pneumatic tools for siliconizing.
Pneumoguillotine (for trimming the drainage exactly to size).
Electric drills for installing fittings and for assembling windows.
Electric screwdriver for installing fittings.
Grinding machines.
Tables for pre-assembly of windows.
Tables for intermediate sanding and puttying of windows during painting.
Special window holders for positioning and storing windows after each technological operation.

As mentioned above, the main equipment is machining center, which includes two machines: tenoning and profiling. The average productivity of such a center is no less than 1000 m2 of window blocks per month with a cross section of 78*86 mm and 68*78 mm. The price of a new one is about 1 million rubles. A used center can be purchased from 700 thousand rubles. However, the choice of supplier here must be approached very seriously. Although the equipment is used, the price is quite high. Make no mistake.

As alternatives window processing center (the same LGC-1000) you can purchase the main machines separately. However, the costs will be comparable. For example, today the leading positions in the equipment market are occupied by the TM 105 tenoning machine (new - from 400 thousand rubles, used - from 300 thousand rubles) and profiling milling machine FP 180 (new - from 550 thousand rubles, used - from 450 thousand rubles).

Vladislav Permin, especially for the site

EXPERT OPINION

Alexey Lepekhin, head of the commercial department of Backout LLC:

This article discusses minimum composition equipment. The proposed equipment composition assumes that the manufacturer has finished laminated three-layer timber for further processing and manufacturing of window products.

From many years of practice in equipping factories for the production of translucent structures with a volume of up to 1000 m 2. Minimum area workshops must be at least 600 m2. This is due to the technology of manufacturing wooden windows, with technological delays after each operation.

Olesya Zuboreva, senior manager of the commercial department "FreeLinesCompany":

Using the example of the work of our company Free Lines Company, we see that supplies of used high-tech equipment from Europe are now in great demand. In order to import such a product category, a special customs clearance algorithm should be used. It is quite simple and should not frighten those who are going to equip Russian production.

The main difference in the registration of used equipment and machinery is the need to carry out a special customs procedure: an appraisal examination. Its task is to determine the fact of existing operation and confirm the invoice value, which, of course, differs from the price of new products. The duration of the customs examination is 1-2 days. Based on the results, documents are issued, which are the basis for reducing the costs of customs clearance.

Such equipment can be sold at a discount of 50% or more. Also, in some cases, lower import duty rates are provided for it. As a result, the customer can receive products at a good price-quality ratio.

It should also be noted points that are taken into account when choosing a supplier.

He must have the right to sell the goods, be able to issue an invoice and packing list, and provide a technical passport, which will indicate the year of manufacture of the product.